DearWhip

Organic Underwear

2006-10-29T05:25:00.000-08:00

Natural soft Organic Clothinggoods are hard to find as they can often be a little course. Liv Organic Cotton Goodsare soft and luxurious and their Organic Underwear is to die for.

Camargue

2005-04-04T15:14:00.000-07:00

Delta region in Bouches-du-Rhône département, southern France. The region lies between the Grand and Petit channels of the Rhône River and has an area of 300 square miles (780 square km). In the northern part of the delta, the alluvium has emerged as dry land; in the south, the highest ground is along the embankments of present and former watercourses; in the intervening basins

Don Pacifico Affair

2005-04-04T14:23:00.000-07:00

David Pacifico (known as Don Pacifico) was a Portuguese Jew who, having been born in Gibraltar in 1784, was a British subject. After serving as Portuguese consul in Morocco (1835–37) and then as consul-general in Greece, he settled in Athens as a merchant. In

Talion

2005-04-04T06:31:00.000-07:00

In ancient Palestine, injury and bodily mutilation, as well as theft, were considered

Arabia, History Of, The Wahhabis

2005-04-02T09:33:00.000-08:00

The Ottomans, clinging to the Hejaz for religious prestige and claiming to be custodians of the Holy Cities, had little power outside their garrisons in those cities and along the pilgrim route. The bribes they gave the nomads for allowing the caravans to pass, and the need to keep food subsidies for Mecca and Medina, however, prevented their expulsion.

All-america Team

2005-04-01T10:59:00.000-08:00

The first All-America team comprised football players, picked by Caspar

Sibu

2005-04-01T07:37:00.000-08:00

Town, East Malaysia (northwest Borneo), at the confluence of the Rajang and Igan rivers, about 50 miles (80 km) from the South China Sea coast. As a river port, it serves small oceangoing vessels and exports timber, rubber, and pepper. Sibu has an airport and a technical nautical school. Pop. (1980) 85,231.

Sweating Sickness

2005-03-31T15:36:00.000-08:00

Apart

Guru

2005-03-31T14:12:00.000-08:00

In Sikhism, any of the first 10 leaders of the Sikh religion of northern India. The word Sikh is derived from the Sanskrit sisya (“disciple”), and all Sikhs are disciples of the Guru (spiritual guide, or teacher). The first Sikh Guru, Nanak, established the practice of naming his successor before his death (1539), and from the time of Ram Das, the fourth to reign, the Gurus all came from one family.

Adam, Adolphe

2005-03-30T21:56:00.000-08:00

Adam wrote 71 operas, the best of which are generally considered to be Le Postillon de Longjumeau (1836) and Giralda (1850). In his ballets—which he composed for production in London, Berlin,

Andrea Da Firenze

2005-03-29T01:28:00.000-08:00

Andrea studied at the Arte dei Medici e degli Speziali in Florence. At the end of 1365 he was commissioned to decorate the chapter house of the church of Sta. Maria Novella. Also attributed to him are the decorations in the Spanish chapel and

Mathematics And Physical Sciences, Space Probes.

2005-03-28T19:53:00.000-08:00

An important deep-space mission, NASA's Comet Nucleus Tour (CONTOUR), was lost as it was being boosted from Earth orbit on August 15. CONTOUR had been placed in a parking orbit on July 3 to await the proper moment to begin the planned trajectory that would take it within 100 km (60 mi) of comet nuclei in 2003 and 2006. After its upper stage fired, ground controllers were unable to regain contact,

Lowie, Robert H(arry)

2005-03-28T19:12:00.000-08:00

Lowie studied under Franz Boas at Columbia University,

Elf Owl

2005-03-27T04:50:00.000-08:00

(Micrathene whitneyi), tiny bird of prey of the family Strigidae (order Strigiformes) of Mexico and the southwestern United States. It is the smallest owl and is about the size of a sparrow. In the cactus deserts, elf owls are among the most common birds, but they also inhabit forested areas, dry grasslands, and wet savanna. They nest in holes in cacti

Maastricht Treaty

2005-03-26T21:37:00.000-08:00

Formally Treaty on European Union international agreement approved by the heads of government of the states of the European Community (EC) in Maastricht, Netherlands, in December 1991. Ratified by all EC member states (voters in Denmark rejected the original treaty but later approved a slightly modified version), the treaty was signed on February 7, 1992, and entered into force on November 1, 1993. The treaty established

China, The court's relations with the bureaucracy

2005-03-26T11:18:00.000-08:00

Kao-tsung set the style for all subsequent Nan Sung emperors. The first two emperors in the Pei Sung, both strong militarists, had towered above the relatively modest bureaucracy they had created; most of their successors had found little difficulty in maintaining a balance in the bureaucracy. The circumstances under which the Nan Sung came into being, however, were

Jonsson, John Erik

2005-03-25T07:38:00.000-08:00

A graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy, N.Y.), Jonsson worked in the 1920s for the Aluminum Company of America and the Dumont Motor Car Co. In 1930 he was appointed

Metatron

2005-03-24T06:46:00.000-08:00

Greatest of angels in Jewish myths and legends, variously identified as the Prince (or Angel) of the Presence, as Michael the archangel, or as Enoch after his ascent into heaven. He is likewise described as a celestial scribe recording the sins and merits of men, as a guardian of heavenly secrets, as God's mediator with men, as the “lesser Yahweh,” as the archetype of man, and

Japanese Yew

2005-03-24T00:35:00.000-08:00

Also called spreading yew (Taxus cuspidata) an ornamental evergreen shrub or tree of the yew family (Taxaceae), native to Japan and widely cultivated in the Northern Hemisphere. Rising to a height of 16 m (about 52 feet), it resembles the English yew but is hardier and faster-growing. Each leaf has two distinct, yellowish bands on its underside. There are many horticultural varieties of Japanese yew. Plants

Hunt, Helen

2005-03-23T19:19:00.000-08:00

It seemed that everyone was mad about Helen Hunt in 1998. The year began with the American actress winning a Golden Globe for her performance as a lonely waitress in the surprise hit film As Good as It Gets (1997). A Screen Actors Guild Award soon followed, and in March she received an Academy Award, which completed her sweep of the major American film honours for best actress. Her

Nicholas Ii

2005-03-23T02:13:00.000-08:00

Russian in full Nikolay Aleksandrovich the last Russian emperor (1895–1917), who, with his wife, Alexandra, and their children, was killed by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution.

Elijah

2005-03-22T04:54:00.000-08:00

The Israelite king Omri had allied himself with the Phoenician cities of the coast, and his son Ahab was married to Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal, king of Tyre and Sidon. Jezebel, with her Tyrian courtiers and a large contingent of pagan priests and prophets, propagated her native religion in a sanctuary built for Baal in the royal city of Samaria. This meant that the Israelites

France, History Of, The social order of the ancien régime

2005-03-21T23:14:00.000-08:00

In the society of the ancien

Television And Radio

2005-03-21T07:32:00.000-08:00

The new rules contained many

Valenciennes Lace

2005-03-20T00:57:00.000-08:00

The

Quill

2005-03-19T19:02:00.000-08:00

Also called Calamus, hollow, horny barrel of a bird's feather, used as the principal writing instrument from the 6th century until the mid-19th century, when steel pen points were introduced. The strongest quills were obtained from living birds in their new growth period in the spring. Only the five outer wing feathers (follicles) were considered suitable for writing; the second and third were

Chemical Association

2005-03-19T02:27:00.000-08:00

The aggregation of atoms or molecules into larger units held together by forces weaker than chemical bonds that bind atoms in molecules. The term is usually restricted to the formation of aggregates of like molecules or atoms. Polymerization also denotes the formation of larger units by the union of like small units but usually with chemical bonds between the

Rheinberger, Joseph (gabriel)

2005-03-18T11:26:00.000-08:00

Rheinberger studied organ at Vaduz and became organist at the parish church when he was only seven years old. He later studied at Feldkirch and Munich and in 1867 became professor of organ and composition at the Munich

Jackson, Charles Thomas

2005-03-18T07:09:00.000-08:00

Jackson received his M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1829. He continued his medical studies at the University of Paris, also attending lectures on geology at the Royal School of Mines. He returned to Boston in 1832 and started a private medical practice but abandoned

China, Taoism

2005-03-17T20:47:00.000-08:00

Under the Chin dynasty several popular Taoist sects had flourished in northern China, and Genghis Khan had apparently been impressed by the Taoist patriarch Ch'ang-ch'un. In 1223 Genghis Khan granted to Ch'ang-ch'un and his followers full exemption from taxes and other duties demanded by the government; this was the first of a series of edicts granting special privileges

Husayn Shah 'ala' Ad-din

2005-03-17T18:01:00.000-08:00

The details of 'Ala' ad-Din's early life are obscured by myth and legend. His father is said to have been a direct descendant of the prophet Muhammad and an Arab who emigrated to Bengal. After completing his studies,

Profit Sharing

2005-03-16T08:35:00.000-08:00

System by which employees are paid a share of the profits of the business enterprise in which they are employed, in accordance with a scheme defined in advance. Such payments, which may vary according to salary or wage, are distinct from and additional to regular earnings. Profit-sharing plans were probably first developed in France before the middle of the 19th century

Shafi'iyah

2005-03-16T06:12:00.000-08:00

Also called Madhhab Shafi'i , English Shafiites in Islam, one of the four Sunni schools of religious law, derived from the teachings of Abu 'Abd Allah ash-Shafi'i (767–820). This legal school (madhhab) stabilized the bases of Islamic legal theory, admitting the validity of both divine will and human speculation. Rejecting provincial dependence on the living sunnah (traditional community practice) as the source of precedent, the Shafiites

Profit Sharing

2005-03-15T21:38:00.000-08:00

Organization set up by a convention signed in Paris in April 1948 to coordinate efforts to restore Europe's economy under the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan). Among its many functions, the OEEC helped abolish quantitative trade restrictions between its member countries, allocated scarce resources among them, and devised a system for regular consultation

Augusta

2005-03-14T13:45:00.000-08:00

Capital (1831) of Maine, U.S., seat (1799) of Kennebec county, at the head of navigation on the Kennebec River, 57 miles (92 km) northeast of Portland. The city's establishment and early prosperity, which began with the arrival of traders from the Plymouth colony of Massachusetts in 1628, can be attributed to its location on navigable tidewater 39 miles (63 km) from the Atlantic Ocean. A trading post was

Astoria Canyon

2005-03-14T09:42:00.000-08:00

Submarine canyon and fan-valley system of the Pacific continental margin, off the coast of Oregon, U.S. The canyon's head is in water about 330 feet (100 m) deep, 11 miles (18 km) west of the mouth of the Columbia River. The canyon crosses the seaward half of the continental shelf in a westerly direction and trends sinuously down to the base of the continental slope and the apex of Astoria

Cimarron River

2005-03-14T08:19:00.000-08:00

River rising in northeastern New Mexico, U.S., near Capulin Mountain National Monument and flowing 698 mi (1,123 km) to enter the Arkansas River near Tulsa, Okla. From its source, the Cimarron flows east past Black Mesa, a peak 4,973 ft (1,516 m) high, through the northern Oklahoma Panhandle and bends northward through the southeastern corner of Colorado and the southwestern corner of Kansas.

Samaritan

2005-03-13T21:05:00.000-08:00

Member of a community of Jews, now nearly extinct, that claims to be related by blood to those Jews of ancient Samaria who were not deported by the Assyrian conquerors of the kingdom of Israel in 722 BC. The Samaritans call themselves Bene-Yisrael (“Children of Israel”), or Shamerim (“Observant Ones”), for their sole norm of religious observance is the Pentateuch (first five books

Insurance, Automobile insurance

2005-03-13T11:43:00.000-08:00

Nearly half of all property-liability insurance written in the United States is in the area of automobile insurance. Set up as a comprehensive contract in most parts of the world, automobile insurance covers liability, collision loss of the vehicle, all other types of loss (called comprehensive loss), and medical expenses incurred by the driver, passengers, and other

Chemical Association

2005-03-13T04:30:00.000-08:00

Maher, Bill

2005-03-12T06:15:00.000-08:00

The title of Politically Incorrect, the often controversial television talk show that nightly featured four outspoken guests from the world of entertainment, arts and letters, and politics, was never more appropriate than when its host, comedian Bill Maher, implied that the terrorists who had attacked the World Trade Center on Sept. 11, 2001, were braver than U.S. forces fighting

Van Zandt, Marie

2005-03-11T22:00:00.000-08:00

Van Zandt was apparently taken to Europe as a small child by her mother, who pursued a successful career as a concert and operatic singer under the name Madame Vanzini. Marie soon displayed vocal abilities as

Pyrrhotite

2005-03-11T13:47:00.000-08:00

Iron sulfide mineral (Fe1–xS) in the niccolite group; in it, the ratio of iron to sulfur atoms is variable but is usually slightly less than one. It commonly is found with pentlandite and other sulfides in silica-poor igneous rocks, as at Kongsberg, Nor.; Andreas-Berg, Ger.; Trentino, Italy; and Sudbury, Ont. The variety troilite, with a composition near that of iron sulfide (FeS), is

Greville, Fulke, 1st Baron Brooke

2005-03-11T10:03:00.000-08:00

Greville's Life of the Renowned Sir Philip Sidney (1652) is a valuable commentary

Absorption

2005-03-10T01:11:00.000-08:00

In wave motion, the transfer of the energy of a wave to matter as the wave passes through it. The energy of an acoustic, electromagnetic, or other wave is proportional to the square of its amplitude—i.e., the maximum displacement or movement of a point on the wave; and, as the wave passes through a substance, its amplitude steadily decreases. If there is only a small fractional

Yadava Dynasty

2005-03-09T07:51:00.000-08:00

Rulers of a 12th–14th-century Hindu kingdom of central India in what is the modern Indian state of Maharashtra. Originally a feudatory of the Eastern Calukyas of Kalyani, the dynasty became paramount in the Deccan under Bhillama (c. 1187–91), who founded Devagiri (later Daulatabad) as his capital. Under Bhillama's grandson Singhana (c. 1210–47) the dynasty reached its height at the expense of the

Rhythm

2005-03-09T05:12:00.000-08:00

Attempts to define rhythm in music have produced much disagreement,

Powhatan War

2005-03-08T19:06:00.000-08:00

(1622–44), relentless struggle between the Powhatan Indian confederacy and early English settlers in the tidewater section of Virginia and southern Maryland. The conflict resulted in the destruction of the Indian power. English colonists who had settled in Jamestown (1607) were at first strongly motivated by their need of native corn (maize) to keep peace with the Powhatans

Xenakis, Iannis

2005-03-08T08:38:00.000-08:00

Mario Boris, Iannis Xenakis (1967); Iannis Xenakis, Formalized Music (1971, revised 1992); Nouritza Matossian, Iannis Xenakis (1986); Bálint András Varga, Conversations with Iannis Xenakis (1996).

Buys, Paulus

2005-03-07T22:55:00.000-08:00

The harsh religious persecution and high taxes of the Duke of Alba's regime (1567–73) led Buys to join the resistance to the Spanish government, working

Adamnan, Saint

2005-03-07T03:28:00.000-08:00

Nothing is known of Adamnan's early life. In 679 he was elected abbot of Iona, the ninth in succession from St. Columba, the founder. While on a visit to Northumbria, he adopted the Roman rules on the tonsure and for determining the date of Easter that had been accepted

Furniture, Mixed forms

2005-03-06T18:25:00.000-08:00

Apart from the kinds of storage furniture already mentioned, there are numerous combination forms. An ordinary table can be used as a writing desk, and the only differences between the typical French Rococo writing desk of the 18th century and other tables are the drawers in the underframe and the leather-covered top. The novelty of Louis XV's writing desk consists

Urso, Camilla

2005-03-06T03:04:00.000-08:00

Urso was the daughter of an Italian flutist and a Portuguese singer. When she was six years old, despite general skepticism about her ability to master a “masculine” instrument, she began taking violin lessons. The success of

David D'angers, Pierre-jean

2005-03-05T14:52:00.000-08:00

The son of a carver, David went to Paris at age 17 with 11 francs in his pocket to study under Philippe-Laurent Roland. After a year and a half's struggle he received a small annuity from the municipality of Angers. In 1811 he won the Prix de Rome

Yahrzeit

2005-03-05T13:55:00.000-08:00

Also spelled yortzeit , or jahrzeit in Judaism, the anniversary of the death of a parent or close relative, most commonly observed by burning a candle for an entire day. On the anniversary, a male (or female, in Reform and Conservative congregations) usually recites the Qaddish (doxology) in the synagogue at all three services, and males may be called up (aliyah) for the public reading of the Torah. If the anniversary

Pacheco Pereira, Duarte

2005-03-05T13:43:00.000-08:00

Pacheco Pereira, reared at the Portuguese court, was an educated man, serving as a squire to King John

Crocker, Charles

2005-03-04T03:45:00.000-08:00

Crocker was forced to quit school at an early age to help support his family. After his family moved to Indiana, he did various jobs—farming, working in a sawmill, and serving as an apprentice in a blacksmith

Madang

2005-03-03T09:56:00.000-08:00

Port on the northeastern coast of the island of New Guinea, Papua New Guinea. It lies along Astrolabe Bay of the Bismarck Sea, near the mouth of the Gogol River. Madang is the centre for a large timber industry based on the Gogol forest about 25 miles (40 km) inland and is the distributing centre for the north coast and the Central Range. It is also a communication point for the

Conductors Play Musical Chairs

2005-03-02T19:26:00.000-08:00

In recent years conductors have increasingly become the musical equivalents of professional athletes, parlaying their high-profile public personas and singular skills in a market that is driven by professional excellence and name value. Given that, 2003 was a particularly busy year for conductors, many of whom played their own version of musical chairs at orchestras

Cloudberry

2005-03-02T17:21:00.000-08:00

Eskimos

Impact Crater

2005-03-02T07:16:00.000-08:00

Any feature on the continents that has been created by the impact of cosmic bodies (meteorites, asteroids, or comets) on the Earth's surface. In fact, the collision of a Mars-sized body with the Earth early in the history of the solar system may have caused the formation of the Moon and the continents themselves, or rather the ocean/continent dichotomy of the Earth's outer

Zunzunegui, Juan Antonio De

2005-03-01T17:50:00.000-08:00

In full Juan Antonio de Zunzunegui y Loredo Spanish novelist and short-story writer whose straightforward narrative technique was rooted in the 19th century. His subject was chiefly social criticism of modern life in Bilbao and Madrid. A member of the Spanish Academy from 1957, Zunzunegui received the National Prize for Literature for El premio (1961; “The Prize”), which, ironically, was

Ze'evi, Rechavam

2005-03-01T14:31:00.000-08:00

Israeli soldier and politician (b. Aug. 20, 1926, Jerusalem, Palestine—d. Oct. 17, 2001, Jerusalem, Israel), pursued hard-line ultranationalist policies, most notably in support of his outspoken belief that all Palestinians should be removed from the Israel-occupied territories in Gaza and the West Bank and transferred to Arab countries and his claim that the kingdom of Jordan should

Hypocaust

2005-03-01T11:43:00.000-08:00

Many examples of such hypocausts

Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman

2005-03-01T10:55:00.000-08:00

Hinshelwood obtained his doctorate

Seti Ii

2005-02-27T05:21:00.000-08:00

Upon his death, Seti was succeeded by Siptah

Manuel I

2005-02-27T00:19:00.000-08:00

Manuel was fortunate to have reigned at all;

Clodomir

2005-02-26T21:47:00.000-08:00

The eldest son of Clovis I by Clotilda, Clodomir shared in the fourfold partition of his father's kingdom in 511, receiving lands in western and central France; his was the only one of the four kingdoms to form a single geographical unit on both sides of the Loire River. In 523, with his two full brothers, Chlotar

Olympic Games, Antwerp, Belgium, 1920

2005-02-26T03:52:00.000-08:00

The city, plagued by bad weather and economic woes, had a very short time to clean up the rubble left

North Germanic Languages, Vocabulary

2005-02-25T09:51:00.000-08:00

The everyday stock of Scandinavian words, including most of the high-frequency words, is Indo-European and Germanic in its core. Of the 200,000 or more entries in the large dictionaries of each language, the vast majority are either compounds and derivatives of the simpler words or else borrowings from other languages—mostly of a scientific and cultural nature. At the end

Crabtree, Lotta

2005-02-24T05:51:00.000-08:00

Crabtree grew up from the age of four in California, where her father moved the family during the Gold Rush of the early 1850s. At the Grass Valley mining camp she met Lola

Balard, Antoine-jérôme

2005-02-24T03:47:00.000-08:00

In studying salt marsh flora from Mediterranean waters, Balard, after crystallizing sodium chloride and sodium sulfate from the seawater, saturating

Hyde, Sir Nicholas

2005-02-24T02:29:00.000-08:00

Sir Nicholas entered Parliament in 1601 and soon became prominent as an opponent of the court of James I, though he does not appear to have distinguished himself in the law. Before long, however, he deserted the popular party, and in 1626 he was employed by George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, in his defense to impeachment

Visual Pigment

2005-02-23T21:08:00.000-08:00

It is believed that all animals employ the same basic pigment structure, consisting of a coloured molecule, or chromophore (the carotenoid retinal, sometimes called retinene), and a protein, or opsin, of moderate size.

Rysbrack, John Michael

2005-02-23T07:24:00.000-08:00

Rysbrack worked in a classical, sometimes eclectic

Ha-mi

2005-02-23T07:15:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Hami , Uighur Qomul city and oasis in eastern Uighur autonomous ch'ü (region) of Sinkiang, China. An important stage on the roads from Kansu province into Central Asia and to the west, Ha-mi was known to the Chinese in early times as I-wu, the name Ha-mi being the Chinese rendering of the Mongolian version (Khamil) of the Uighur name for the city. The Chinese occupied the oasis in early times, when

Korhogo

2005-02-21T16:27:00.000-08:00

Town, north central Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast). The town's traditional founder was Nangui (Nengué), a 14th-century Senufo (Senoufo) patriarch from Kong. Modern Korhogo (Heritage) is the chief trade centre (corn [maize], manioc, millet, and yams) for the Senufo farmers of the savanna. Muslim Fulani herdsmen from the north also helped make it a major centre for livestock (cattle, sheep,

China, Fine arts

2005-02-20T17:48:00.000-08:00

In the realm of the arts, the Ming period has long been esteemed for the variety and high quality of its state-sponsored craft goods—cloisonné and, particularly, porcelain wares. The sober, delicate monochrome porcelains of the Sung dynasty were now superseded by rich, decorative polychrome wares. The best known of these are of blue-on-white decor, which gradually changed

Bonds, Barry

2005-02-20T07:41:00.000-08:00

Bonds was born into a baseball family. His father, Bobby Bonds, was an outfielder for the San Francisco Giants. His cousin was baseball great Reggie

Neoprene

2005-02-19T11:54:00.000-08:00

The neoprenes,

Karabük

2005-02-18T19:30:00.000-08:00

Town, northwestern Turkey, on the Yenice River. Once a small hamlet, it has grown rapidly since the establishment of Turkey's first major iron and steel complex there in 1940. The works were expanded greatly in the 1950s and '60s. Facilities include a coking plant, blast furnaces, a foundry, and tube works; chemical plants produce sulfuric acid and phosphates. The mills receive coal

Francis I

2005-02-18T19:00:00.000-08:00

The son of Ferdinand I and Maria Carolina, Francis at first inclined toward liberalism. After the introduction of the constitution of 1812, which provided for a bicameral government along British lines, he was appointed vicario, or regent, of Naples. Francis sympathized with the Carbonari uprising of 1820; he opposed the decision

Kuban River

2005-02-18T10:23:00.000-08:00

River in southwestern Russia, 563 miles (906 km) in length and draining 23,600 square miles (61,000 square km). It rises from glaciers on Mount Elbrus in the Greater Caucasus and flows north through narrow gorges, with many rapids, to the Stavropol Upland, where it turns westward in a broad, marshy floodplain to enter the Sea of Azov. Much of its water is diverted for irrigation. The river is navigable

Computers, From Star Trek to Microsoft

2005-02-17T06:04:00.000-08:00

The first programs developed for the hobbyists' microcomputers were games. With the early machines limited in graphic capabilities, most of these were text-based adventure or role-playing games. However, there were a few graphical games, such as Star Trek, which were popular on mainframes and minicomputers and were converted to run on microcomputers. One company

Ammonia

2005-02-16T23:42:00.000-08:00

Ammonia is highly

Berenice

2005-02-16T03:25:00.000-08:00

Daughter of Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Arsinoe I of Egypt. She was married to the Seleucid ruler Antiochus II Theos, supplanting his first wife, Laodice, whose children she persuaded him to bar from the succession to the throne in favour of her own. Laodice, however, persuaded Antiochus to come to Ephesus (in Asia Minor), where he died in 246, perhaps a victim of her intrigues.

Procellariiform

2005-02-16T00:29:00.000-08:00

Also called tubinares (order Procellariiformes), any of the seabirds that include the albatrosses (family Diomedeidae); shearwaters, fulmars, prions, and large petrels (Procellariidae); storm petrels (Hydrobatidae); and diving petrels (Pelecanoididae). There are approximately 87 living and 36 fossil species of diverse sizes and ranges. All Procellariiformes are recognizable by their conspicuous

Empiricism, In modern philosophy

2005-02-15T16:12:00.000-08:00

In the earlier and unsystematically speculative phases of Renaissance philosophy, the claims of Aristotelian logic to yield substantial knowledge were attacked by several 16th-century logicians, and, in the same century, the role of observation was stressed. One mildly skeptical Christian thinker, Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655), advanced a deliberate revival of the empirical

Gagern, (wilhelm) Heinrich (august), Freiherr Von (baron Of)

2005-02-14T22:57:00.000-08:00

Wounded at Waterloo at the age of 16, Gagern

Wage And Salary

2005-02-14T19:35:00.000-08:00

Analyses of economic distribution appear in David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817, reissued 1981), the classical subsistence theory of wages; Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 1 (1886; originally published in German, 1867), also available in many later editions, treating the process of distribution as pure conflict; John Bates Clark, Distribution of Wealth (1899, reissued 1965), the classic work on marginal productivity theory whereby distribution is viewed as a harmonious process in which the factors of production receive as income what they contribute to the product; Frank H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit (1921, reprinted 1985), an analysis of profits viewed as a result of imperfect foresight and as a remuneration for risk-bearing; Joseph Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development (1934, reprinted 1987; originally published in German, 1912), an analysis of economic development as a result of the innovations of entrepreneurs motivated by profit; Paul H. Douglas, The Theory of Wages (1934, reissued 1964), marginalist theory based on statistical research which sets forth the famous Cobb–Douglas function; K.J. Arrow et al., “Capital–Labor Substitution and Economic Efficiency,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 43:225–250 (1961), an econometric study explaining the falling share of capital in the national income by the elasticity of substitution; J.R. Hicks, The Theory of Wages, 2nd ed. (1963, reissued 1973), a sophisticated treatment of marginal productivity theory; and Nicholas Kaldor, “Alternative Theories of Distribution,” in his Essays on Value and Distribution, 2nd ed. (1980), a discussion of various theories from Ricardo to Keynes. Dan Usher, The Economic Prerequisite to Democracy (1981), suggests that democracy requires broad agreement on how an economic system will distribute wealth. Other works in this area are Alan S. Blinder, Toward an Economic Theory of Income Distribution (1974); and Ronald G. Ehrenberg and Robert S. Smith, Modern Labor Economics: Theory and Public Policy, 5th ed. (1994).

Sava, Saint

2005-02-14T09:09:00.000-08:00

Sava was a Serbian noble of the Nemanja dynasty. He migrated to Mount Athos

Colbert, Jean-baptiste, Marquis De Seignelay

2005-02-13T00:42:00.000-08:00

As the eldest son of the famous secretary of state of that name, Colbert was given the best possible tutors, who found him bright but lazy. In 1683 Colbert became head of the navy and performed brilliantly at the post. He showed an excellent knowledge of naval affairs and personally supervised innovations

Xenakis, Iannis

2005-02-12T23:45:00.000-08:00

Mario Boris, Iannis Xenakis (1967); Iannis Xenakis, Formalized Music (1971, revised 1992); Nouritza Matossian, Iannis Xenakis (1986); Bálint András Varga, Conversations with Iannis Xenakis (1996).

Cabra

2005-02-12T16:50:00.000-08:00

Cabra has a ruined Moorish castle, and its parish church (the former cathedral) was originally a mosque. Called Baebro or Aegabro in ancient times, it was

Mora

2005-02-12T02:06:00.000-08:00

County, northern New Mexico, U.S., bordered on the east by the steep walls of the Canadian River Canyon. Though most of the county lies in the Raton section of the Great Plains, its western heights are in the Southern Rocky Mountains. Pecos Baldy, at 12,500 feet (3,810 m), is in the Sangre de Cristo range in the far west; in the southwest is the Santa Fe range, rising to over 11,000 feet (3,350 m). The valley of

Van Dyck, Sir Anthony

2005-02-11T13:42:00.000-08:00

Van Dyck also spelled Vandyke , Flemish Anthonie Van Dyck , Anthonie also spelled Antonie , or Anton after Rubens, the most prominent Flemish painter of the 17th century. A prolific painter of portraits of European aristocracy, he also executed many works on religious and mythological subjects and was a fine draftsman and etcher. Appointed court painter by Charles I of England in 1632, he was knighted the same year.

China, Unification

2005-02-11T01:12:00.000-08:00

Though a militarist himself, T'ai-tsu ended militarism as well as usurpation. Even his own coup was skillfully disguised to make it appear that the popular acclaim of the rank and file left him with no choice. Masterful in political maneuvering, T'ai-tsu, as emperor (reigned 960–976), did not destroy other powerful generals as had many previous founding rulers. Instead, he persuaded

Moral Re-armament

2005-02-10T11:52:00.000-08:00

In 1922 Buchman resigned his position

Cylinder Recording

2005-02-10T05:29:00.000-08:00

Earliest form of phonograph record, invented by Thomas A. Edison in 1877. The sound to be recorded was focused by a horn onto a diaphragm, causing it to vibrate; the vibrations were transmitted to a stylus and modulated its motion as it followed a helical path along the surface of a yielding material (such as wax) that coated a cylinder rotating under the stylus. See also phonograph

Anthimus Of Iberia

2005-02-09T23:27:00.000-08:00

Romanian Antim Ivireanul metropolitan of Walachia (now part of Romania), linguist, typographer, and ecclesiastical writer who contributed greatly to the development of the Romanian language and literature by his translation and printing of biblical and liturgical texts and by his own writings in ethics and asceticism. He is also honoured as one of the earliest Romanian